TRAM

Although trams are classified as railway transport, they operate through traffic-congested areas such as roads and transit malls. As a result, single-operator visual driving is the standard operating principle, supported by tram driver assistance systems.

The system can apply a priority signaling strategy that integrates road traffic control algorithms—specifically for navigating intersections—into the train control system concept of railways.

Tram positioning is conducted using ground-installed tags and onboard speed sensors, following principles similar to CBTC (Communication-Based Train Control). For wireless communication with the control center and road traffic signal systems, the system accommodates both LTE-R and Wi-Fi interfaces, incorporating robust security policies and advanced network design techniques.